( 21) reported the use of roll-to-roll slot-die–coated FA 0.85Cs 0.15PbI 2.85Br 0.15 perovskite on a flexible polyethylene terephthalate/indium tin oxide substrate by the use of the nontoxic solvent of dimethyl sulfoxide/2-butoxyethanol, which is compatible with industrial manufacturing, and a moderate cell efficiency of 13.5% with an active area of 0.09 cm 2 was achieved. These characteristics largely increase the difficulty and complexity for scalable solution coating of high-quality FACs perovskite films over large area ( 21). This makes the nucleation and growth of FACs perovskites to be accelerated with the increasing Br content, which is likely due to the higher the diffusivity of Br − than I − in the solvent as a result of smaller ionic radius ( 20). For example, a fraction of I − ions are usually substituted with Br − ions in FACs perovskites to stabilize the photoactive phase. However, the successful solution systems for scalable coating of MAPbI 3 films are not completely compatible with FACs perovskites resulting from the different solvation characteristics of MAPbI 3 and FACs perovskites ( 18) and their different crystallization kinetics ( 19). It is thus desirable to construct highly efficient and stable PSMs with FACs perovskites ( 17). However, the volatile properties and thermal decomposition of methylammonium (MA) cations limit the device’s long-term stability ( 13).įormamidinium-cesium (FACs) mixed-cations perovskites have been demonstrated to be promising to achieve dominant operational stability in small-size (<1 cm 2) PSCs ( 15, 16).

Many efforts have been made to use solution-based scalable methods to coat large-area CH 3NH 3PbI 3 (MAPbI 3) films for modules and achieved impressive device performance ( 8, 9, 12, 14). Among these methods, the solution ink-based coating methods are superior thanks to their compatibility with continuous industrial production line processing, low equipment requirements, and low manufacturing cost. Up to now, the scalable deposition methods, such as spray coating ( 4), electrochemical deposition ( 5), soft-cover deposition ( 6), inkjet printing ( 7), doctor blading ( 8, 9), slot-die coating ( 10, 11), hybrid chemical vapor deposition ( 12), and vacuum evaporation ( 13), have been used to fabricate large-area perovskite films for PSMs. To fabricate high-efficiency perovskite solar modules (PSMs), it is essential to deposit uniform and high-quality perovskite films with full coverage over large scale ( 3).

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